The Colosseum, a magnificent monument of ancient Rome, stands today as a testament to the architectural and engineering brilliance of its time. It’s not just a historical relic, though; it’s a major money-maker for the Italian government. In 2018 alone, the Colosseum, Roman Forum, and Palatine Hill raked in over $63.3 million (€53.8 million), making it the most profitable tourist attraction in all of Italy.
A Legacy of Glory and Neglect
The Colosseum’s story, however, is one of both triumph and hardship. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the once-grand arena fell into a state of serious disrepair. The Frangipane and Annibaldi families, powerful families of the 12th century, turned the Colosseum into their personal fortress. In the late 15th century, Pope Alexander VI allowed the Colosseum to be used as a quarry, a tragic fate for such a glorious monument.
Only in the 1990s, after over a thousand years of neglect, did state-funded restoration efforts begin to breathe life back into this iconic landmark.
A Monument to Imperial Power
The Colosseum was built as a symbol of Rome’s power, a way to rejuvenate the city after the tumultuous year of the four emperors in 69 CE. Emperor Vespasian, like other Roman rulers before him, saw the Colosseum as a venue for public entertainment, hosting gladiator fights, animal hunts, and even mock naval battles.
Construction began under Vespasian between 70 and 72 CE. The completed structure was dedicated in 80 CE by Titus, Vespasian’s son and successor. The Colosseum’s fourth story was added later by Emperor Domitian in 82 CE. It’s interesting to note that the arena was financed with spoils from Titus’s sack of Jerusalem in 70 CE and built by enslaved Jews from Judaea.
A Masterpiece of Roman Architecture
The Colosseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, is a breathtaking elliptical structure constructed from stone, concrete, and tuff. It rises four stories high, measuring a massive 620 by 513 feet (189 by 156 meters). The arena could accommodate a staggering 50,000 spectators, a testament to Roman ingenuity. Gladiatorial combat was a central feature of the Colosseum’s history, making it a symbol of ancient Roman entertainment and power.
A Symbol of Roman Engineering
The Colosseum stands as a testament to the engineering prowess of the Romans. Built on the grounds of Nero’s Golden House, the Colosseum replaced the palace’s artificial lake, a symbolic shift from personal extravagance to public entertainment. This impressive structure, unlike earlier amphitheatres, stands freely without the support of a hillside, showcasing a sophisticated system of barrel and groin vaults. The Colosseum’s architectural brilliance is further emphasized by its three tiers adorned with Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian columns, a style that would later inspire the Renaissance. The use of travertine, volcanic tufa, and concrete for its construction reflects the Romans’ mastery of materials.
From Glory to Restoration
The Colosseum was not just a spectacle for gladiatorial contests but also a hub for grand events. A massive retractable awning shielded spectators from the sun, a feat achieved with the help of hundreds of Roman sailors who manipulated the rigging. The arena witnessed countless battles, from gladiator duels to man-versus-animal fights and even mock naval engagements.
However, the Colosseum’s story took a turn in medieval times. It was used as a church, then a fortress, and finally a quarry. The Colosseum faced damage from lightning, earthquakes, vandalism, and pollution, with its marble seats and decorative elements disappearing over time. Fortunately, the 19th century saw the start of preservation efforts, culminating in a major restoration project in the 1990s. Today, the Colosseum stands as one of Rome’s most popular tourist attractions, attracting millions of visitors each year.
A Timeless Legacy
The Colosseum remains a symbol of ancient Rome, showcasing the Romans’ impressive architectural, engineering, and social achievements. While its history is a blend of glory and neglect, it serves as a reminder of the power and artistry of a lost civilization. The Colosseum continues to inspire awe, intrigue, and wonder, reminding us of the enduring legacy of ancient Rome.
